Economic Valuation Of The Negative Externalities...

Environmental Economics In the last few years, some major travel destinations in Europe have witnessed an increasing social opposition to crowds of tourists due to the negative environmental and social costs tourism imposes on locals. The emergence of different citizens’ associations in Venice, Barcelona and Mallorca having a critical attitude towards tourism and aiming to improve the quality of life of neighbourhoods are a good example. Discuss if the economic valuation of the negative externalities associated to tourism could play a role in the management of these emerging social conflicts. Tourism is one of the significant actives showing enormous growth. As a result tourism, many countries can be seen as an instrument of regional†¦show more content†¦The environment interacts with the economy in four different ways. However, the markets are unable to register its value. The links created by the implementation of the millennium ecosystem assessment 2005 building relationships between the economic system and the environment. Establishing biodiversity as a component of the ecosystem, resulting in the impact of functionality and service provisions and financial activities. Goods and services provided by the ecosystem measures through the Pareto efficiency. Economist decomposed the total economic value by categorising resources into three components: use value, option value, and nonuse value. Use value reflects the direct use of the support an example is trees from a forest. Pollution can cause a loss of use value when air pollution increases. Option value reflects the value people place on the future use of the environment; the willingness to preserve an option to use the environment in the future though it is currently not utilised. Nonuse value reflects the observation that people are more willing to pay (WTP) for improving/preserving resources that they will never use. A true nonuse value is called existence value. An example would be the protest of dams due to the potential loss of the resource. The amount does not derive from direct use or possible use,Show MoreRelatedDescribe a Time When You Felt Awkward and Out of Place9149 Words   |  37 PagesCambridge International Advanced and Advanced Subsidiary Level 9708 Economics Novem ber 2009 Principal Examiner Report for Teachers ECONOMICS Paper 9708/11 Multiple Choice (Core) Question Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Key B B D C C A B C C A C C B D C Question Number 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Key C C A C B C A C C D B B C A B General Comments There were 4022 candidates with a mean score on this paper of 15.58. This was a fall from the corresponding exam last yearRead MoreClimate Change And Its Effects On Economic Growth Essay8671 Words   |  35 Pages†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 26 3.4 Data Analysis and Techniques †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 26 References †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 28 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background The evidence of climate change in Kenya is undeniable, while its effects on economic growth are no more mysterious; rather, they are rapidly unfolding to a startling reality and concern for humanity. Accelerated emissions of green house gases (GHGs) globally, from combustion of fossil fuels and unsustainable land use practices isRead MoreCorporation (Fisch) Outline Penn Law Essay62808 Words   |  252 PagesTable of Contents I.) INTRODUCTORY PRINCIPLES 2 A.) Efficiency and Other Concepts 2 B.) Agency and Partnership Law 2 II.) INTRODUCTION TO THE CORPORATE FORM 16 A.) Formation and Structure 16 B.) Debt, Equity, and Valuation 22 III.) CONTROL OF CORPORATE DECISIONS 32 A.) The Role of the Shareholder 32 B.) Management Obligations 50 1.) Duty of Care 51 2.) Duty of Loyalty 56 3.) Duty of Fairness: Parent-Subsidiary Relationships 63 4.) Duty of Good Faith 64 5.) Management Obligations

Substance Abuse Prevention And Treatment Act - 1977 Words

Substance Abuse Policies One in ten children are born affected by prenatal alcohol or drug exposure (NCSACW). This exposure could have long term effects on their life and wellbeing. There have multiple bills and policies that have been introduced to the government to address these issues. Two bills, in particular, focus on the prevention, treatment, and education on substance exposed infants. The first bill, The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA), was reintroduced in 2004 and focuses on the abuse and neglect of children. The second bill, Protecting Our Infants Act of 2015, addresses prevention of prenatal exposure and treatment for opioid using mothers. This paper will be addressing each policy in detail and the outcomes they have on families and children. The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) was introduced in the 1970’s, but was reauthorized most recently in 2004. CAPTA’s main focus is on the prevention of maltreatment and neglect of youth. This act clearly defines maltreatment and neglect so that each state can authorize what sort of consequences should be placed on abusers. Although each state has their own laws against child maltreatment, CAPTA outlines what specifically counts as child abuse to ensure the safety of all children. In this policy, mothers who use drugs or alcohol are consider perpetrators and can be punished according to state laws if caught. CAPTA provides funding for the states to improve their Child Protective ServiceShow MoreRelatedIllegal Substance Abuse And Addiction1196 Words   |  5 PagesIllegal substance abuse and addiction can have far-reaching negative impacts that affect not only the people who abuse drugs but also their friends, family members, the community, and government resources. Substance abuse can lead to domestic violence, child abuse, suicide, crime, automobile accidents, sexually transmitted diseases, HIV/AIDS, and unwanted pregnancy. 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Storm Born Chapter Twenty-Seven Free Essays

string(35) " You sent us here without thought\." Traveling in spirit is a lot different than traveling in the body. The body gives you more strength – and more risk – but the spirit can see things beyond normal physical senses. As I rose up and up from the Otherworld, I saw it in all its beauty and power. We will write a custom essay sample on Storm Born Chapter Twenty-Seven or any similar topic only for you Order Now People and objects were ringed in light, some brighter than others – like Dorian, who shone like a small sun. All around him and the others, the Alder Land glittered with its own aura, an aura that called out to me in a funny way. Leaving it felt strange, like part of me was being abandoned back there. As for me, my soul grew wings as I crossed into the Underworld. I was dark, nearly black, and wore a graceful, avian shape. I was the Dark Swan, my totem, the shape my spirit naturally traversed the worlds in. I hadn’t had to use this shape in some time. I’d first developed the ability to move my spirit into the Otherworld wearing a shape nearly identical to my physical presence; I’d later learned to go over entirely in my own body. But this was not the Otherworld, and I needed the protection of my swan shape. The land of death did not like to give back its souls, and the closer I got, the more risk I faced. I could only pray Kiyo hadn’t fully entered it yet. Feeling him was easy. My physical body was still close to his, and he and I had enough of a mental and spiritual bond that I could track him. But, as it turned out, he was far ahead of me. Too far. He had crossed the black gate. If I wanted to follow, I would have to enter the land of death in earnest. My return was doubtful. And yet†¦I couldn’t just let him go. Not yet. Not when he’d died because of me. Not when he’d still followed, despite my rejection of him. Not after what we’d shared together. Onward I flew, my wings sweeping over currents of power. I saw no gate per se, but I felt when I crossed it. The connection to my physical body trembled, and I knew I had just endangered it. Too much time here, and it would sever altogether. With that knowledge came another sensation as I crossed over, one so sharp and sudden that I might as well have been slapped in the face. It felt like a belly flop into a freezing pool – remarkable considering the soul did not feel physical sensations. Well, at least that was what I’d been taught. I’d never known any shaman who crossed over and survived to tell about it. Once I actually entered the world, I was suddenly awash in tactile feelings. Warmth swirled around, mixed with those streaks of icy cold. For just an instant, I saw a world so beautiful, it made me ache inside. Color and light and wonder. Glimpsing it, I felt my connection to something much greater than myself, something I had never understood in the worlds of the living. I was drowning in it, in that burning bliss that made the euphoria of magic seem trivial. And just for a second, I nearly grasped all the meaning to life and death. Then, in a blink, it was all gone, and I was plunged into darkness. I silently cried out, longing for the return of that beauty. Where had it gone? Why wouldn’t it come back? A voice answered me, vaguely female. It spoke in my mind, reverberating through me and my being. This world becomes what you bring to it. What do you bring? The blackness shifted and became solid. I saw no light source, yet I could just barely make out the area in front of me. Ground appeared, cold and dead. Black rocks jutted out at odd angles, sharp and ugly. A chill wrapped me up. My field of vision was limited in that weird illumination. Everything beyond it was unfathomable darkness. In front of me, I made out a deeper blackness, surrounded by a faint gray outline. A doorway or a tunnel. Was this what I was? Had I shaped my surroundings into cold darkness? The voice spoke again: This world is what you make it. Inside the tunnel, I could feel Kiyo. With no more thought, I took flight again, moving forward. The darkness swallowed me once more. Then I emerged into an empty clearing. It looked like I was in a cave, surrounded by that same cold stone. An indeterminable source illuminated the room with stark light. There was no way out. I felt Kiyo ahead still but saw no way to get to him. Behind me, the path I’d come from was gone. And then I wasn’t alone anymore. Shapes materialized around me. I recognized almost every one of them. The keres. The fachan. Finn. Some of the yeshin. An assortment of spirits. Countless other monsters. Countless gentry. Every being I had ever banished to this world. They filled almost every inch of space in the enclosure, crowding around me. Their faces were horrible. Twisted reflections of what I used to know. They opened their mouths, screaming their terror and pain, reliving when I had killed or banished them. The group closed in, hands reaching out. They clawed at me, trying to gouge me and scrape away my skin. Skin? The feathers were gone. I stood in my human form, quite ordinary-looking in casual clothes. The hands and faces closed in tighter, and I screamed as the mob tore me apart. Agony shot through every part of me, a terrible and consuming pain. I sank to the floor, trying to ward them off. What will you give us? they seemed to ask as one. What will you give us to let you pass? â€Å"What do you want?† You sent us here without thought. You ripped our essence out of one world and into another. Do you know what that is like? To have your essence torn asunder? â€Å"Show me,† I whispered. They did. It started inside of me. Like a small spark, noticeable only by a faint twinge. Like getting shocked with static electricity. Then it grew, spreading out like a mass of wriggling worms, eating me from the inside out. Only it was more than physical. It was like†¦a spiritual cancer. I could feel everything about me disintegrating. First, all the superficial things. My love of pajamas and Def Leppard. This was followed by the removal of things that identified me, that made me unique: my physical abilities, my shamanic powers, even my newfound magic. Next, my emotional connections were stripped away, making me forget everyone I knew or loved. My parents, Kiyo, Dorian, Tim, Lara†¦they all vanished, their memories blown to the wind. Finally, my base essence disappeared. Me as a physical and mental being. Eugenie Gwen Markham. A woman. Half human, half shining one. It was all gone, and I was nothing. I wanted to scream but had no means of doing so. And then, I was back. I sat huddled in a ball, alone in the cavern. Unfolding myself, I saw that I was whole. My self-knowledge had returned. Still shaking, I looked up and saw that a doorway had appeared. It was a way out, a way toward Kiyo. I walked into the next tunnel, again entering the darkness. When I emerged, I found myself in a cavern exactly like the other. Only this time, I wasn’t alone. A man stood on the far side, his back to me as he studied the wall. Sensing my presence, he turned around. He had reddish hair, streaked with silver and just barely touching his shoulders. The features of his face were striking, a square jaw and sharp angles. Handsome in a harsh sort of way. He wore clothes like the gentry, most of him covered by a sweeping cloak as rich as anything Dorian might own. Rich purple velvet. Jewels worked into the edges. A crown sat on his head, made of a gleaming metal too bright to be silver. Platinum, I thought. It was a masterpiece of metalworking, all scalloping and flowing edges, like a circle of entwined clouds. The edges of it met in a small point at the top of his forehead, like a faux widow’s peak. Diamonds and amethysts set among the lacy curves glittered in the weird lighting. But it was his eyes that really seized me. They would not hold one color. They shifted, like clouds on a windy day. Azure blue. Silvery gray. Rich violet. â€Å"Hello, Father,† I said. The eyes held at a steady, deep blue as he looked me over. â€Å"You are not what I expected.† â€Å"Sorry.† â€Å"No matter. You will do. In the end, you’re only a vessel anyway. Your magic will grow, and those around you will eventually see that what needs to be done is accomplished, once your child is born.† I shook my head. â€Å"I’m not going to have your heir.† â€Å"Then you will not pass. You will die here.† I didn’t say anything. Anger hardened his already fierce features, and whatever attractiveness I’d noted before vanished. I remembered my mother’s reaction, her pure and unwavering hatred for him. His eyes flickered again, turning from blue to a gray so dark it almost looked black. â€Å"You are a stupid, foolish girl who has no idea what you’re doing. The fate of the worlds hinges upon you, and you are too ignorant and too weak to do anything about it. No matter. You are not the only one who can carry on the dream.† â€Å"What, you mean Jasmine?† He nodded. â€Å"She lacks your power and war instincts, but again, she is only a vessel. More important, she is willing. Aeson made sure of that. He visited her years before finally taking her. She knows her duty. She will see it through.† A cold, heavy lump settled in my stomach. I had gone out of my way to avoid pregnancy, but Jasmine would not. She would be seeking it, purposely trying to have Storm King’s heir. All my smug contraceptive practices would mean nothing. Storm King read my thoughts. â€Å"Maybe if you were the one, you could control the situation. Maybe it wouldn’t be as bad if you were the heir’s mother. If your sister is the one, there will be no reprieve.† â€Å"Don’t fuck with me just to get your way. It won’t work.† The eyes darkened further. â€Å"Whatever you want, then. It makes no difference if you die here and stay with me.† I stared at the far, blank wall, willing the stone to open. Beyond it I could feel Kiyo slipping away from me. My heart – if I had one in this form – beat more rapidly. I closed my eyes. â€Å"What do you want me to do?† Hands reached around from behind me, closing around my waist. â€Å"Submit just once,† Aeson said in my ear. â€Å"Submit just once to me, and you can pass on.† His hands pulled me against him, and I tried to squelch my rising nausea. Some reasonable part of me said it didn’t matter. None of this mattered. I wasn’t here in body. I couldn’t get pregnant. This wasn’t actually happening. Yet†¦it seemed so real. And for all intents and purposes, it was. His hands upon me. His breath against my neck. It felt exactly as it would in physical form, as I knew it was intended to. I opened my eyes and saw my father watching me. Beyond him, Kiyo moved farther away. â€Å"All right,† I said, barely recognizing my own voice. Aeson turned me around and kissed me, harsh and bruising, uncaring that my lips stayed inert and did not kiss him back. He pulled me down, putting my back against the sharp planes of the stone. The last thing I saw before all went to blackness was Storm King looking down at me, face cold and uncaring. I closed my eyes, trying to ignore the mental and physical hurt. When I let myself see again, I sat on the ground, palms down against the hard surface. Just like before, I felt no more pain, and I could tell my clothes were whole once more. Another illusion†¦one my body had no memory of but which would stay etched in my mind for some time, I suspected. Standing up, I moved forward, on toward Kiyo. Someone else was waiting for me in the next chamber, a man I’d never seen before. He was slim and small, dressed in scarlet velvet bordering on outlandish. He held a small cloth-wrapped bundle in his hands and paced around nervously. When he caught sight of me, his face brightened with relief. â€Å"There you are, your majesty!† he exclaimed. â€Å"I’ve been waiting.† â€Å"Waiting for what?† He proffered the bundle before me. â€Å"To give you your crown. You have to put it on.† I eyed the bundle nervously and then looked at the smooth, blank wall between Kiyo and me. â€Å"Is that what I need to do to get through? Put on the crown?† He nodded, shifting from foot to foot. â€Å"Hurry. We’re running out of time.† I knew what the crown was for. I knew what Dorian had done outside of Aeson’s fortress. Somehow, some way, I had gained the Alder Land. I had become its queen. I sure as hell didn’t want it, though. If I made it away from here alive, I’d definitely rectify the problem. But if wearing the crown here was what it took to pacify this next sadistic torment, then I would do it. It was a whole lot easier than everything else I’d been through. â€Å"Fine. Give it to me.† He handed me the bundle. I unwrapped and nearly dropped it when I saw what lay inside. Aeson had worn a gold circlet. Dorian’s crown, which he rarely wore, was similarly simple. It resembled a ring of leaves, beaten out in different metals: silver, gold, and copper. Presumably Maiwenn and the rest of the Otherworldly monarchs wore similar items. But this†¦this was not a simple circlet. It was heavy and platinum, an intricate swirl of metal set with diamonds and amethysts. Storm King’s crown. Only it was smaller. A bit more delicate. Designed for a woman. â€Å"What is this?† I exclaimed. The man gave me a puzzled look. â€Å"Your crown.† â€Å"This isn’t the Alder Land’s crown. This is my father’s crown.† â€Å"What else would you wear, your majesty?† I tried handing it back to him, but he stepped away from it. â€Å"I don’t want it. I won’t wear it.† â€Å"You have to. It’s the only way.† He looked at me pleadingly, almost like he wanted me to move on to the next stage of this game as much as I did. I didn’t need his entreaty. I wanted to move on too. Badly. Badly enough to finally lift the crown up with shaking fingers and rest it on my head. Instantly, I no longer stood in the chamber. I was on a high, cragged peak, overlooking vast sweeping plains. The sky was dark and heavy with clouds, and lightning danced among them. Below, on the plains, armies stretched as far as the eye could see. Armies of gentry and spirits and the myriad creatures living in the Otherworld. The crown felt heavy on my head yet did a poor job of holding down my hair as the wind whipped it around. A gown of indigo velvet embraced my body, and a black and silver fur cloak draped my shoulders. In my left hand, I held my wand, and in the crook of my other arm, I held a baby. It was wrapped up in white blankets, its eyes closed. A fine haze of hair, its color indistinct, swept over its head. I had no idea who its father was – I didn’t even know if it was a boy or girl – but some instinctual part of me knew it was mine. Tentatively, I reached out with my fingers and touched that fine hair. It felt like down, like the softest, finest silk imaginable. The baby stirred slightly at the touch, snuggling against me, and something inside of me stirred as well. I jumped as a hand encircled my waist, and a warm body moved next to mine. Dorian. A sword hung at his side, and a new crown sat on his head, more elaborate than his former circle of leaves. It was made of thick gold, heavy with jewels and dazzling to behold. But it wasn’t as big as mine. â€Å"They’re waiting for your order,† he said. I followed his gaze out to the fields of people and saw that they were all on their knees before me, heads touching the earth. Above them, thunder rumbled as the storm swirled restlessly. â€Å"I don’t know what to do,† I told him. â€Å"What you have to do.† As though moving of its own accord, the hand holding my wand rose into the air. The armies rose with it, like I was a puppeteer pulling marionettes to life. A great roar sounded among them, swords banging on shields and magic flaring in salute. One downward motion, and I knew they would march. One motion from me, and I would unleash hell itself. The roar intensified. Dorian’s body shifted closer. The baby stirred again. My hand felt heavy and started to fall†¦. I stood alone in the stone chamber. No man. No crown. The doorway had appeared, and I lunged for it. The darkness engulfed me, and I swear the tunnel had grown more narrow than before. Still I moved onward. I could feel Kiyo growing closer and closer. I ran, needing to find him, needing to reach out to him, needing to – And there he was. He lay on a small dais in this new chamber, wearing his human shape. He was on his back, whole and perfect, his hands clasped on his chest like a sleeping fairytale princess. I moved toward him, and a woman moved in front of me. I didn’t know how I hadn’t seen her before. She had just appeared. I looked at her and squinted, trying to focus, but had trouble. Her appearance kept shifting. One instant she was golden and lovely, honey-blond hair pouring to her ankles. The next she was pale as death, black hair sweeping behind her like a funeral shroud, yet still beautiful in a frightening sort of way. Persephone herself blocked my path, and I knew there was no way I could go through her. â€Å"Let me have him. Please. I’ve passed all the tests, just like you wanted.† What I wanted? It was the same voice I’d heard before, only now amusement tinged its edges. None of that mattered to me. They were not my tests. This world is what you bring to it. Most of the dead bring guilt or regret. You brought your fears. I peered beyond her to Kiyo, my soul screaming out to his. â€Å"What do you want? What do I need to do to take him?† What makes you think I’ll give him to you? He’s mine. I received him fairly. The dead do not leave my realm. I racked my brain, turning over every story or myth I’d ever heard. â€Å"What about Orpheus? You let him take Eurydice.† But in the end, she did not leave. He was not strong enough. She stayed. â€Å"You don’t need him, especially since I’ve sent you so many other souls.† Was it truly for me? Or your own ends? â€Å"Does it matter?† Perhaps not. But now I have two more, and I do not have to give them up. â€Å"Then do it as a favor,† I begged. A favor? Her amusement grew. Why would I do that? â€Å"Because I’ve served you faithfully. And because we’re the same. I’m trapped in two worlds too, and I don’t think I can get out of that. I’m torn in two forever now.† I touched the butterfly tattoo on my arm, half black and half white. Just like Persephone, who spent half her existence as a goddess of springtime and half as a ruler of death. Just like me, half human and half gentry. Half lover, half killer. In Swan Lake, Odile is the dark swan and Odette is the light swan, yet both are played by the same dancer. She only stared, and I desperately tried to think of something. â€Å"You said this world is what we bring. I brought love too. Doesn’t that count for anything?† She considered. That depends. Will you give up your love? Sacrifice it to me? Promise you will stay away from him forever, that you will forsake your love. I stared at Kiyo’s inert form, thinking how it would be to never see him again. Something inside of me died at that thought, but I didn’t hesitate. â€Å"All right. I agree.† Persephone stared at me a moment, then Kiyo vanished. It is done. â€Å"You sent his soul back? He’ll live?† If his body is healed soon, then yes, he’ll live. She continued staring at me, and I realized I’d made no such guarantees for my own return. In fact, I could no longer feel that glittering connection to my own body. You are trapped here, she affirmed. â€Å"I know. It’s okay. It’s worth it.† And I meant it. Kiyo’s life meant more than my own. Her blue-to-black-to-blue eyes held me. Then, as improbable as it seemed, she sighed. Go back. Go back to your dual existence. I will see you again someday, and then you will stay. Her fingers touched my forehead, and a searing pain ran through me. My form disappeared in a flurry of feathers and black wings, and I felt myself being pulled out of this world. Just before I left completely, she spoke again. Her voice was tired and maybe just a little sad. Keep your love. I have no use for it anymore. An instant later, I woke up in my physical body, gasping and choking for air as I returned to life. How to cite Storm Born Chapter Twenty-Seven, Essay examples

Project Management In Denver Airport Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Project Management In Denver Airport. Answer: Introduction This report focuses on the objectives to be followed by the Denver International Airport. The development of a baggage automated system is being considered in this case. The reasons for implementing a baggage automated system are to increase the efficiency in luggage handling systems. It was considered that this integrated system will help in improving the ground time efficiency involved, reduce the luggage handling requirements and reduce the close-out time for hub based operations. This paper will discuss about the project based influences which will be aimed towards the analysis of the system. This paper will also include an analysis of the project viabilities. Lastly, the planning of this project is also included in this report. Discussion In this section of the report, the main aspects of the project will be discussed. Business case Since the year 1970, the Stapleton airport of Denver was responsible in catering the needs of the local population. However, the management of the airplanes were not being efficiently met which resulted in the risings of various problems. In the year 1980, the population of Denver increased which led to the increase in the economic stabilities of the government (Montealegre et al., 1996). The lack of good infrastructure was also responsible for the airport to delay the fights. This led to the development of a replacement or expansion system of the airport which will be able to cater the needs of the population. Project influence This section of the report discusses about the PESTLE analysis of the case involved. PESTEL analysis There are six different analysis of the case study which will be done by conforming to the standards of PESTEL evaluations. These six elements of evaluations include political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental aspects. In case of the political considerations of the project, there were certain problems associated to the expansion of the airport hub. In the year 1983, there were three candidates who opted for running as the mayor. Due to this, the mayors were forced to gain a strong point in the airport based expansion activities (Montealegre et al., 1996). During these processes, the previous mayor was responsible for the construction processes. These election processes were responsible in changing the development progresses. For this reason, the political reasons led to the presence of delay in the normal processing of the system. For the economic considerations of the project, the project was greatly impacted due to it. The economy of the city of Denver was also subjected to varied amounts of employment based risks. These were responsible in leading to issues in the system. The impact due to such systems could have made varied problems to the system which in turn would have led to halt of the project. In case of the social considerations of the project, the associated aspects including the government were associated in creating an impact to the constructional project. Moreover, the people were also related to the construction project. The votes from the people for turning the eastern side into a constructional site were also a consideration. If the people turned against them, the impact could have led to a stop in the construction projects. The technological aspects of the project, involves the technology to be used in the process. For considering the baggage system automation, the utilization of the various technological aspects is required (Applegate et al., 1998). This helps in streamlining the operations pertaining to the area involved. The automation of the baggage system, the technological impacts can play a great role. Legal aspects involved in this project must be effectively analyzed. The requirement for completing the project in the set timeline is the first requirement of it. Failure to accomplish such requirements can lead to rising of various legal issues. The cost and budget of the project should also be met so that it can be legally shown to the associated stakeholders. Environmental aspects involved in the project correspond to the problems that will be associated to such constructional activities. The use of proper materials must be submitted in the proposal such that these can be referenced in the constructional activities. Steps taken for preparation As the project manager for this case, the first step involves should include the need to maintain the stronghold in the project background. As the election processes of mayors provided a small time related halt to the process, the need to identify them is required. The next step involved must consider the economy of the city involved. The third step that should have been taken includes that the social aspects are to be considered (Kerzner Kerzner, 2017). The associated stakeholders are to properly give their influence on the project. This will remove the presence of any legal charges to the system. Lastly, the environment based problems are to be effectively considered before commencing with the project. Evaluation of building decisions The development of the airport was required for the city to address the growing population concerns. It was a great choice for upgrading the airport hub of Denver. This would definitely help in solving the delays and problems due to weather conditions. Project viability This section discusses about the concepts of viabilities of the project. Project feasibility There are various steps that should have been taken for considering the project feasibility. Step 1 involves researching business drivers. The problems associated with the project are called business drivers. These are the need for expansion to address the associated issues. Step 2 includes confirming alternate solutions. This will help in identifying any present alternate solutions which can be adopted for mitigating such problems. Step 3 involves determining the feasibility involved. This will help in determining the problems to be associated and the efficiency of the solution In addition the cost, timeline and other aspects will also be determined. Step 4 includes selecting a solution. This solution will help in addressing the concerns more effectively than the other alternatives. Step 5 involves assessing the project at a lower level. This includes assessing the project requirements with the lower level staffs to get a sufficient data of the project aspects involved like time required to complete, cost and other parameters. Approaching the scale of project It is required to consider the size and scalability of the project. This will be considered useful in knowing the scope of the project. As this project is a large one with a huge amount of investment and timeline, the need to scale it is a concern (Pinto, 2015). This can be done by knowing five different characteristics of the project. These are applicability, formality, flexibility, documentation and details. Needs for estimation Estimating the project parameters are a necessity which will be utilized in knowing the project base details. The project cost must be effectively estimated and passed on to the stakeholders involved so that a budget can be prepared (Walker, 2015). Similarly, the profitability of the project is the first thing that comes to mind when adopting the feasibility involved. The preferred outcome of a project will help in adopting it. Decisions The decisions that have been taken can lead to positive or negative impact on the project. It is thus required to assess them by accounting to the risk assessment factors. If the processes pose risks, the mitigation factors are to be accounted for. Project planning This section of the report discusses about the implementation of various plans in the constructional project. The adoption of value management system is considered by including reviews and workshops which in turn help in evaluating the various project based parameters. It is also utilized in making an establishment of value in front of the stakeholder concerned. Moreover, the role of value management is also used in defining the objectives related to the project. The role of risk management is to analyze the impact of varying finances on the constructional projects (Sears et al., 2015). This is also associated with identifying various alternatives such for maintaining balance among the whole project. Another benefit of a risks management plan is to prepare an assessment of the risks associated so as to minimize them. For determining the quality assessment processes, the utilization of various adoptions are to be undertaken. This is mainly because the utilization of quality management systems helps in ensuring higher quality in services (Demirkesen Ozorhon, 2017). The role of quality management is also involved in increasing customer satisfaction which leads to increase in customer revenue. The utilization of change management system helps in developing a vision in the system which helps in strategizing the impacts associated. The utilizing of changes in the system is mainly done to change the processing so that it can be effectively handled. The use of environmental management systems helps in considering the cases involved which can have an impact on the environment. This can be directly linked to penalties to the company associated for construction (Mir Pinnington, 2014). Moreover, its utilization also helps in creating brand awareness for the betterment of the society. Health and safety management is utilized to account for the safety associated to the workers involved in projects. This will help the company retain their employees and streamline their working progress. Resource management is involved with managing the resources so that the allocated resources will be effectively managed (Joshi Khandekar, 2015). This is also associated with the proper project progress so that the assigned deadline is met. Impact of these plans The utilization of all these afore-mentioned plans can have certain benefits to the system. The project progress will be followed very smoothly and all the necessary parameters will be followed. However, the cost involved in implementing these systems and the additional resources involved for such actions will increase the budget by some extent. Conclusion Thus, it can be concluded that the utilization of various project based parameters can help in meeting the required project objectives. This will be utilized for the constructional project involved in Denver. The development of an efficient system will thus be maintained. This report has successfully discussed about the various projects based influences. In addition, the project viability has also been discussed in this project. Lastly, the planning parameters required for the project have been discussed properly. References Applegate, L. M., Montealegre, R., Knoop, C. I., Nelson, H. J. (1998). BAE Automated Systems (B): Implementing the Denver International Airport Baggage-Handling System, Harvard Business School Case 396-312.Glass RL,Software Runaways: Lessons learned from massive software project failures, Prentice Hall. Demirkesen, S., Ozorhon, B. (2017). Impact of integration management on constructionproject management performance.International Journal of Project Management,35(8), 1639-1654. Igwe, C., Nasiri, F., Hammad, A. (2017). Evaluating the Impact of Buildability Assessment and Value Management on Construction Project Delivery.Methodology,2, 2. Igwe, C., Nasiri, F., Hammad, A. (2017). Evaluating the Impact of Buildability Assessment and Value Management on Construction Project Delivery.Methodology,2, 2. Joshi, A. D., Khandekar, S. D. (2015). Project Management for Construction Projects: Improving Project Performance.International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology,2(3), 2086-2091. Kerzner, H., Kerzner, H. R. (2017).Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Mir, F. A., Pinnington, A. H. (2014). Exploring the value of project management: linking project management performance and project success.International journal of project management,32(2), 202-217. Montealegre, R., Nelson, H. J., Knoop, C. I., Applegate, L. M. (1996). BAE automated systems (A): Denver International Airport baggage-handling system.Harvard Business School Teaching Case, (9-396), 311. Pinto, J. K. (2015).Project management: achieving competitive advantage. Prentice Hall. Sears, S. K., Sears, G. A., Clough, R. H., Rounds, J. L., Segner, R. O. (2015).Construction project management. John Wiley Sons. Walker, A. (2015).Project management in construction. John Wiley Sons.

Home Burial Essays (941 words) - Amy, Amy Barnes,

Home Burial 1 ?Home Burial? Robert Frost's ?Home Burial? is a very well written poem about a husband's and a wife's loss. Their first born child has died recently. Amy and her husband deal with their loss in two very different ways, which cause problems. Amy seems like she confines their child to the grave. She never seems to le go of the fact she has lost her first child. Amy's husband buried their child himself. This allowed him to let go and live a normal life. Amy does not understand how he could do what he did. Therefore, she wants to have nothing to do with him, especially talk to him. He doesn't understand why she can't let go, and why she won't talk to him. He tries to get her to tell him why, but she just wants to go to someone else. She will not talk to him or let him talk to her because he always speaks offensively. This lack of communication was there before the death, which I think will be the downfall of their marriage. Frost's use of imagery and tone allow the reader to see and feel what Amy and her husband are going through. Frost uses a lot of imagery in ?Home Burial? to give the reader a look at what is going on. The first line, ?He saw her from the bottom of the stairs / Before she saw him,? lets the reader know Amy is at the top of the stairs, and her husband is at the bottom. He uses imagery to show many things such as facial expressions, movement from one place to another, and to describe a scene. He shows expressions in line eight ?And her face changed from terrified to dull,? line forty-three ?He sat and fixed his chin between his fists,? and line one-hundred and thirteen You're crying.? By ?seeing? these 2 expressions, the reader can almost feel what is going on in Amy's and her husband's head. Line eight lets us know that Amy does not want to talk to see her husband. Line forty-three lets me know her husband is having a hard time finding what to say. In line one-hundred and thirteen, it is obvious Amy is sad and upset. He shows movement in lines thirty-three through thirty-five ?She withdrew, shrinking from beneath his arm / That rested on the banister, and slid downstairs; / And turned on him with such a daunting look,? line forty-seven ?Her fingers moved the latch a little and line one-hundred and eighteen She was opening the door wider.? These movements let the reader know that Amy has gone downstairs, and is trying to go out the door. He describes different scenes in lines twenty-four through thirty-one ?The little graveyard where my people are! / So small the window frames the whole of it. / Not so much larger than a bedroom, is it? / There are three stones of slate and one of marble, / Broad-shouldered little slabs there in the sunlight / On the sidehill. We haven't to mind those. / But I understand: it is not the stones, / But the child's mound.? These lines are describing their family graveyard. In lines seventy-nine through eighty-one ?Making the gravel leap and leap in air, / Leap up, like that, l ike that, and land so lightly / and roll back down the mound beside the hole,? Amy is describing what she saw when her husband was digging their child's grave. In lines eighty-eight through ninety-two ?You could sit there with the stains on your shoes / Of the fresh earth from your own baby's grave / And talk about your everyday concerns. / You had stood the spade up against the wall / Outside there in the entry, for I saw it,? Amy lets her husband know she remembers everything he did, and how it angered her. Lastly line one-hundred and fifteen ?Amy! There's someone coming down the road!? All of these lines come together to form the poems imagery. 3 Frost also gives the reader a sense of what is going on through the overall tone of the poem. ?Home Burial? is a poem about a doomed relationship. Therefore, the tone of the

Free Essays on Misc

Arterial Blood Gas Results Primarily, blood gas results will resemble that of respiratory alkalosis due to hyperventilation. Consisting of a pH greater than 7.35, and carbon dioxide (CO2) levels of less than 35 centimeters of water (cmH20). Bicarbonate (HCO3) involvement, the body’s natural buffer system for respiratory alkalosis, will depend largely on the individual and the body‘s response. Also, Pneumonia may present a degree of hypoxemia due to poor aeration of the lung. Modes of Therapy/Pharmacological Agents Treatment is based on the clinical presentation, results of the Gram stain sputum specimens, the radiographic appearance of the pneumonia, the degree of respiratory impairment, and the results of cultures. If the cause is bacterial, then the goal of treatment is to cure the infection with antibiotics, which can typically be taken orally at home. If the infection is severe, if the person is having difficulty breathing, or has other chronic medical conditions, then intravenous antibiotics may be needed and are usually administered in a hospital. Antibiotics work by killing bacteria or preventing them from growing and reproducing. Often the antibiotic chosen will be effective against a wide range of bacteria. The first choice of treatment may be a fluoroquinolone, cephalosporin, doxycycline, a macrolide, or a combination of penicillin and a macrolide. Antifungal medications are available to fight off fungal pneumonias. Common names include amphrotericin B, fluconazole, and itraconazole. If the infection is viral, the goal is to alleviate any signs and symptoms of the infection through supportive since there is no cure for a virus. This can be done with over the counter medications such as acetaminophen, commonly known as Tylenol, which can be helpful in relieving some of the fever and pain associated with pneumonia. Ibuprofen, commonly referred to as Motrin or Advil, can also be useful for fever reduction... Free Essays on Misc Free Essays on Misc Arterial Blood Gas Results Primarily, blood gas results will resemble that of respiratory alkalosis due to hyperventilation. Consisting of a pH greater than 7.35, and carbon dioxide (CO2) levels of less than 35 centimeters of water (cmH20). Bicarbonate (HCO3) involvement, the body’s natural buffer system for respiratory alkalosis, will depend largely on the individual and the body‘s response. Also, Pneumonia may present a degree of hypoxemia due to poor aeration of the lung. Modes of Therapy/Pharmacological Agents Treatment is based on the clinical presentation, results of the Gram stain sputum specimens, the radiographic appearance of the pneumonia, the degree of respiratory impairment, and the results of cultures. If the cause is bacterial, then the goal of treatment is to cure the infection with antibiotics, which can typically be taken orally at home. If the infection is severe, if the person is having difficulty breathing, or has other chronic medical conditions, then intravenous antibiotics may be needed and are usually administered in a hospital. Antibiotics work by killing bacteria or preventing them from growing and reproducing. Often the antibiotic chosen will be effective against a wide range of bacteria. The first choice of treatment may be a fluoroquinolone, cephalosporin, doxycycline, a macrolide, or a combination of penicillin and a macrolide. Antifungal medications are available to fight off fungal pneumonias. Common names include amphrotericin B, fluconazole, and itraconazole. If the infection is viral, the goal is to alleviate any signs and symptoms of the infection through supportive since there is no cure for a virus. This can be done with over the counter medications such as acetaminophen, commonly known as Tylenol, which can be helpful in relieving some of the fever and pain associated with pneumonia. Ibuprofen, commonly referred to as Motrin or Advil, can also be useful for fever reduction...

War Crimes and crimes against humanity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

War Crimes and crimes against humanity - Essay Example Turkish officials killing Armenians during the war, Germans committing atrocities on Jews, Polish people and others, cases that came up during Nuremburg trials, Russian treatment of German prisoners all came under war crimes. Crimes against humanity include genocide, mass murder, en mass slavery, mass executions, enslavement, deportation, extermination etc. This means any atrocious act committed on a large group could be termed as crimes against humanity. Sometimes these two overlap one another. Paul Touvier, Klaus Barbie, and Maurice Papon in France, and Imre Finta in Canada are a few examples. The origins of the war crimes must have started as soon as the war started and that was immediately after the Stone Age when people began grouping together and individuality ended. The groups fought against one another and heaped atrocities on the vanquished men and women. In recent centuries, after the advent of social Darwinism, people have understood the sufferings and harshness that the wars have imposed on Mankind. In Buddhism, Jainism and Hinduism, there are dictums against war and war crimes, especially so, in Buddhism and there are historical stories that inform us about the emperors who gave up the war path to avoid atrocities on ordinary soldiers and civilians. But in recent centuries once again, wars have been glorified and war crimes have taken place in many regions of all the continents. In first and second world wars, Japan, Russia, Germany, Italy like countries practiced war crimes. In later years, former Yugoslavia became another example of crimes against humanity. I t is the duty of International law not only to punish war criminals, but also to prevent such happenings. "Essentially, international humanitarian law has a two-fold purpose. It is intended to protect non-combatants, or those who are not now or never were, taking part in the fighting. It also limits the methods and means by which the fighting is carried out," Chuter (2003, p.59). War crimes could be of many kinds. It should involve 'cataclysmic, direct acts of violence', there should be 'logical connection between these events and the discipline of criminology' Yacoubian (2006, p.5). War crimes and crimes against humanity are not limited to only governments and armies. "The framework is not restricted to crimes committed by governments. Criminal acts committed by individual members of society, or corporations therein, are also eligible for inclusion" (Ibid). Genocide, ill-treatment of prisoners of war, ill treating women including sexual assault, mass murder, torture all come under this category of war crimes and crimes against humanity. The main purpose of International Criminal Court is to try war crimes and crimes against humanity and punish the deserving war criminals. Violations of Geneva convention like wilful killing, inflicting serious injury, inhuman torture, or starvation, confinement, wanton destruction of property, forcing a prisoner of war to serve the opposite side, torturing him or denying him a proper trial come under war crimes. In addition, taking hostages and using them for ransom, direct and purposeful attacks on civilians, attacking, injuring or killing peace workers, NGOs, charity organisations and humanitarian organisations like Amnesty international or Red Cross, killing doctors who are on duty as doctors also

Qualitative research proposal; at-home vs in-office dental bleaching Proposal

Qualitative ; at-home vs in-office dental bleaching - Research Proposal Example this programme would essentially be good dental and general health, with six healthy permanent maxillary anterior teeth of a Vita shade score of A2 or darker. Above all they should be willing for dental bleaching. The study teeth will be the four maxillary central and lateral incisors. The shade of the teeth will be evaluated using the Vita shade guide and photographs. The participants will be randomly assigned to one of the two experimental study groups. The dental shade, GI, PI, TV and tooth sensitivity of each participant will be assessed before application of dental bleaching, after two weeks, and after six months of treatment. The results would be arrived at by the quantitative analysis of the data procured. Tooth discoloration may be due to several different types of causes and may vary in appearance, localization and severity. It may be classified as intrinsic, extrinsic, and a combination of both intrinsic and extrinsic (Hattab & Qudeimat, 1999) Stubborn extrinsic discoloration and intrinsic stain are generally removed by the use of various bleaching techniques. Bleaching refers to the treatment, usually involving an oxidative chemical, that alters the light absorbing and/or light reflecting nature of a material structure, thereby increasing its value (whiteness).Vital tooth bleaching refers to external application of bleaching gel/ solution and is also known as night guard vital bleaching. For vital tooth bleaching procedures, there is a wide array of whitening products available containing the whitening agent hydrogen peroxide (or one of its precursors, notably carbamide peroxide) which penetrates the tooth structure and oxidizes the colored compounds in the dentin (the second layer of the tooth). Products containing a concentration of 10% carbamide peroxide, come in a ‘tray’ which could be used by patients at home while the results and concentrations are monitored by a dental professional. Other materials based on higher concentrations of

My Writing Skills in English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

My Writing Skills in English - Essay Example I was worried, and thinking deeply about what prevents me to improve writing skills in English. I realized that it is my passion and compulsive preoccupation with football. I came to a decision that I should put my passion in the back burner and set my goal to improve my writing skills. Goals are an important milestone in everybody’s life and without goals, we are directionless to reach our destination in life. My goal is very significant in the aspect that it will enhance the opportunities in my future career and better prospects in my life. However, my passion for football poses a greater threat to achieving my goal and distracts my attention to reach the goal. Each person is passionate about something or other in life. Their passion for these things are taken as indulgences which are necessary for life, otherwise, the life will become boredom. However, these petty indulgences are harmless as long as they are not coming in the way of achieving the goals in one’s life. One of my friends was obsessive with baseball. He was almost a compulsive neurotic; he gave topmost priority for baseball than any other things in his life. Result- he was careless in his studies and was thrown out of the school. His future is bleak at present with nowhere to go. Being a witness to this happening I realize that my goals in life are more important than the passion for some other interests.

Media Essays Media Representations Public

Media Essays Media Representations Public Media Representations Public Abstract The purpose of the study is to examine how mental illness and crime is currently represented in the UK media; to what extent, if any representations have changed over the past decade. Furthermore, the study will adopt the theory of social representations, given the theory’s useful theoretical perspective for the investigation of media representations. The study will be qualitative in nature, comprising of content analysis of UK tabloid and broadsheet newspaper articles. Content analysis is considered to be ‘one of the classical procedures for analysing textual material’ (Flick 1998:192), and is the only method for the analysis of textual material within the social sciences (Bauer (2000). Also, the study will try and discover whether media representations differed considerably in accordance with the type of newspaper and the political orientation of a particular newspaper. Introduction Previous research by the Department of Health found that media representations of mental illness have a negative effect on public perception (Rose, 1998). Another study by the Glasgow University media group, confirmed the belief that people who saw a strong link between mental illness and violence, derived their beliefs largely from the media (Philo, 1993). Although the relationship between the media and public attitudes are complicated, there is however evidence supporting the view that details of mental illness promote and reinforce negative public perceptions (Cutcliffe Hannigan, 2001). Negative representations and the effect that the media has had when dealing with mental illness according to Cutcliffe Hannigan, (2001) makes the point â€Å"that supervision registers, supervised discharge and the appearance of a generally more controlling mental health policy framework in the 1990s emerged, in part at least, as a result of media-fuelled moral panic†. This was as a result of the powerful media coverage of mental health issues relating to the death of Jonathan Zito at a London underground station and the horrific death of Ben Silcock by a lion at London zoo (Cutcliffe Hannigan, 2001). Meanwhile, according to (Cutcliffe Hannigan, 2001) â€Å"Despite the recent European Convention for Human Rights Act coming into force in October 2000, some developments in British mental health care appear to be moving away from the position that upholds, wherever possible, the individual’s personal freedom as sacrosanct, towards a position more concerned with minimizing risk to others†. This development is evident in the policies and legislations that have been introduced by the Labour government since their election in 1997 (Cutcliffe Hannigan, 2001). Over the past 30 years a substantial amount of research has been conducted to determine the effect of the media on the public’s belief system. If public perception of mental illness is based on negative and false images perpetuated by the media, there is a danger that government responses to systems and people in the mental health field will also be based on these false realities, rather than on the true needs and issues of people suffering from mental illness (Cutcliffe Hannigan, 2001; Rose, 1998). Media Representations of Mental Illness Promote False and Negative Images and Stereotypes According to Edney, (2004) â€Å"The media play an influential role in shaping people’s attitudes about the world they live in and about the individuals who inhabit the world with them. Stories about or references to people with mental health issues are rarely out of the headlines in news stories, yet research indicates that media portrayals of mental illness are often both false and negative†. Negative Images and Stereotypes in News Media Furthermore, Edney, (2004) a â€Å"1993 Glasgow University study that conducted a content analysis of 562 newspaper items containing representations of mental health and illness identified within local and national media over the course of one month. The study concluded that 62% of those stories focussed on violence towards others in relation to a person with mental illness. Stories that garner the most media attention appear to be those that make a link between mental illness, crime, and violence†. Violence and Criminality in News Media Meanwhile, Edney, (2004) â€Å"nearly two-thirds of all news stories examined involving those with psychiatric diagnoses could be classified as crime news. Yet, when news on the whole was examined, only 10% of stories were crime news, with the other 90% of stories revolving around issues unrelated to crime or violence, such as politics, entertainment and health. Thus it is not that news overall is dominated by stories about crime, but rather that news stories featuring people with mental health problems are overwhelmingly given this specific and negative focus. Negative Media Portrayals and public’s Negative Attitudes However, according to Edney, (2004) â€Å"The few acts of violence committed by people with mental illness are generally directed at family members, not strangers. Media depictions of persons with mental illness attacking a stranger shape public opinion. The saliency of such high-profile crimes, despite their infrequency, makes it appear as though violent crimes committed by individuals with a psychiatric diagnosis are common, and that the general public has reason to fear people with mental illness†. Furthermore, Edney, (2004) â€Å"the media’s representation of people with mental illness as violent, dangerous, and unpredictable has resulted in the mentally ill suffering societal scorn and discrimination. However, mistaken and negative depictions perpetrate the public’s damning image of people with mental illness and sustain continued intolerance oppression. Such erroneous and negative associations are woven so thoroughly into the fabric of the public consciousness that sensationalism need no longer occur for the public to equate mental illness with dangerousness.† Meanwhile, according to Anderson, (2003), â€Å"Media representations of mental illness can have a significant effect on public images of people who experience mental health problems. The implications for people living in the community are considerable, particularly when the media depict people suffering from a mental illness as being ‘dangerous’ and violent†. Throughout the 1990s, Anderson, (2003), â€Å"the media increased attention on issues surrounding governmental community care legislation and the discharge of people from institutional care. This resulted in a stream of news reports on homicides involving a person known to be suffering from a mental illness†. Furthermore, Anderson, (2003) says that â€Å"Newspapers in the UK have been one of the most powerful forms of media portraying such incidents. The case of Stephen Laudat, a person known to be suffering from schizophrenia, and who was convicted of killing Bryan Bennett, is identified as the ‘Killer who should not have gone to jail’ in an article attempting to illustrate the inadequacies of community care provision†. Another report by Anderson, (2003) â€Å"confronts the reader with ‘Mental patient Kills mother after quitting hospital’, which tells the tale of Gilbert Steckel, who was found to have killed a teacher and her two daughters soon after being discharged from a psychiatric hospital†. These events, along with the cases of Christopher Clunis and Jonathan Newby, show the failings of health policies and the health service (Anderson. 2003). An article in the ‘Independent’ announced ‘NHS accused over mentally ill killers (Anderson, 2003). Furthermore, according to Anderson, (2003), â€Å"During the last decade a number of studies and analytical papers attempted to demonstrate that negative reports in the press have contributed to the formation of negative public attitudes towards the mentally ill. Broadsheet and tabloid newspapers made a significant link between mental ill health, criminality and violence. Such stories were often given more exposure than positive articles. Social Representations Theory Given the amount of work carried out using social representation theory, I will concentrate on the aspects of the theory that are useful for media analysis. Social Representation theory provides a framework for the understanding of common-sense thinking, and does not privilege one particular form of research methodology, thus reducing the possibility of bias or error. For example, social representations that emerge as a result of content analysis of media texts do not change as a result of being investigated, albeit representations rely on the interpretation of the researcher, and therefore may contain a degree of bias. In contrast, information gathered from individuals may be open to change, since individuals may behave differently once they are aware of the nature of the investigation (Farr, 1993). Social Representations theory also guides methodology as well as being theoretical and in this regard any researcher working with social representations need to be aware of their own bias. Social representations theory was developed by Moscovici who defined social representations as a: system of values , ideas and practices with a twofold function; first to establish an order which will enable individuals to orient themselves in their material and social world and to master it; and secondly to enable communication to take place among the members of a community by providing them with a code for social exchange and a code for running and classifying unambiguously the various aspects of their world and their individual and group history (Moscovici 1973: viii) Therefore, social representations are a system of organised structures of meanings which is expressed through the medium of practice and talk. It provides a person with a framework to make sense of their social world, and their understanding is influenced by the meanings associated to them by society. One of the main principles of the theory is the process of making the unfamiliar familiar; which allows a person to make sense of events or something new which is unusual or interesting. The theory suggests that individuals develop further ideas as they do not like to live in a society that is strange or unfamiliar. According to Moscovici, (2000) when â€Å"otherness is thrust upon us in the form of something not quite as it should be we instinctively reject it, because it threatens the established social order†. Newspaper articles showing acts of violence or crime sometimes sees the perpetrator as having a history of mental illness, or psychological disorder, which would suggest that mental illness, was the direct cause of violence. So, to what extent can and should the mental health services protect the public against crime committed by mentally disordered offenders. According to Turner, (1996). Section 1 of The mental Health Act (1983) defines mental disorder as mental illness, arrested or incomplete development of mind, psychopathic disorder and any other disorder or disability of mind. Furthermore, the Act sets out four types of mental disorder, being severe mental impairment, mental impairment, psychopathic disorder and mental illness (Turner, 1996). Whilst the definitions are in fact legal constructs the type of mental disorder attributed to individuals is dependant on the clinical judgement of doctors and psychiatrists. Thus, detention under the Mental Health Act (1983) depends on the recommendations of two medical professionals, and should the type of mental disorder differ between the two judgements then the detention is invalid. Moreover, the 1983 Act states that individuals should not be deemed to have a mental disorder buy reason only of promiscuity or other immoral conduct, sexual deviancy or dependence on alcohol or drugs. In other words, behaviour that is not perceived to be within social norms is not a mental disorder. Whilst alcohol and drug abuse may cause mental disorder, and thus fall within the scope of the 1983 Act, in isolation they are not mental disorders. Consequently, discussions on the best means of disposal of mentally disordered offenders has been the subject of many government policy initiatives. In relation to DSPD offenders the Home Office/Department of Health (1999) policy proposals for Managing Dangerous People with Severe Personality Disorder identified the need to protect the public and to provide effective services for individuals suffering from DSPD. Personality Disorder describes a range of different conditions, from those individuals who pose some threat to themselves as well as to their families or friends to individuals who are severely disordered and pose a high risk to the public. This group of individuals is characterised as having DSPD, and it is estimated that over 2000 individuals within England and Wales suffer from this disorder. Current provisions of managing DSPD are problematic, since DSPD sufferers pose new challenges to the mental health services; the lack of knowledge about causes of the disorder and the nature of treatment of the disorder. Although individuals with DPSD may also suffer from mental disorder as well as a personality disorder, they are perceived as having different needs from most mentally ill patients and often undermine hospital regimes (Home Office/DOH, 1999). DSPD sufferers are less likely to receive consistent and long term treatment for their disorder, often treatment being a result of crisis intervention. Furthermore, involuntary admission to hospital for treatment of a psychopathic disorder is conditional on the basis that the individual will benefit from the treatment in hospital or prevent deterioration. In the case of DSPD sufferers, psychiatrists are less likely to recommend hospitalisation unless they also suffer from mental illness. However, the majority of DSPD sufferers are found within the prison system, where it is argued they pose equally challenging problems for prison staff. Those individuals who are categorised as being disruptive are held in Close Supervision Centres within the prison, whereby they are subject to high levels of supervision. On the other hand, whilst some individuals pose no management problems in prison they present a risk to the public on release. Furthermore, assessment of DSPD sufferers in prison by mental health services is not a matter of course, but rather a matter of chance. Some might question that this system is a breach f the duty of care on the part of both the criminal justice and mental health services to such individuals. Whilst the causes and possible interventions of the disorder are unclear it is hard to prove whether consistent and long term treatments have reduced the likelihood of re-offending, and the risk to the public. More resources needs to put in place in order to provide the care required by particular mentally disordered people, thus not assumimng that mentally disordered people are homogenous groups. Therefore, in this regard one would suggest that the mental health services should not only protect the public from the risk posed by DSPD individuals but also should protect the individual sufferers. Nevertheless, the duty of care is not only the responsibility of the mental health services. The Criminal justice system play an important role in the management of mentally disordered offenders. Diversion of mentally disordered offenders into psychiatric care can occur prior and during the process of criminal proceedings. Firstly, the police have the power under Section 36 of the Mental Health Act (1983) to take a person, they believe to be behaving in a disturbed manner in a public place, to a place of safety, such as hospital for assessment. This power is open to the police even if an offence has not been committed. The Crown prosecution service may also take into account the mental health of an offender when deciding whether a prosecution is in the public interest. The power of the courts range from remanding the the individual in hospital for assessment, imposing a hospital or restriction order or order the transfer of an individual already in prison into hospital care. However, Grounds, (1996) argued that the provisions of the mental health services in relation to mentally disordered individuals are not â€Å"as full or comprehensive as is required†. Facilities within secure hospitals have been seen to be too custodial and non-therapeutic. As a result the Special Hospitals Service Authority was established in 1989 to manage the special secure hospitals of Broadmoor, Rampton and ashworth Hospitals (Grounds, 1996). Furthermore, the Butler Committee interim report (1975) recommended increased provision for medium secure beds within regional health authorities. However, Grounds, (1996) argued that the target proposed by the Glancy committee of 1, 000 beds had not been met. According to the Department of Health and Home Office (1991) the number of secure in regional Secure units on 31 January 1991 was 597 (Grounds, 1996). In addition, the provision for secure wards providing intensive care was consistent in some areas minimal, and 1community based forensic psychiatry services were also poorly developed’ (Grounds, 1996:289). One of the principles of the Reed committee report (1990) was that all mentally disordered offenders who required care and treatment should receive it from the health and social services rather than the criminal justice system. In practice, this is not the case since the Courts can only issue Hospital orders if a hospital is willing to admit the patient. Thus, despite the fact that the Courts can impose hospital orders in the disposal of mentally disordered offenders whom they believe require treatment, the actual numbers issued are low in comparison to the number of mentally disordered offenders remanded in custody for assessment (Grounds, 1996). The report suggested that in planning services for the disposal of mentally disordered offenders care should be based on the following criteria: wherever possible community based rather than institutionally based care; the level of security should be in line with the level of danger the individual poses to both himself and others; the type of care should maximise the rehabilitation of offenders, and assist individual in sustaining amn independent life; and the location of treatment should wherever possible be as close to the individual’s own home and family. Although the Government White Paper, The Health of the Nation, (1992) set a health target for the effective service provision for mentally disordered offenders the resource provision is not expected to be high. Another problem is that of risk assessment. Risk is a probabilistic quantiative notion, since it predicts the probability of specified harm in a specified time period. Risk assessment can be both false positives, where an event will occur but does not occur or false negatives, namely that a prediction is made that an event will not occur but it does. The notion of dangerousness is in itself an an imprecise concept, one that is based on subjective judgement. Dangerousness is not a pathological attribute but depends on both the issue of context as well as individual characteristics. For example an individual who is characterised as being pathalogicallly jealous would not be a danger to the general public, but would pose a risk to a partner. The evidence highlights the fact that provisions within the mental health services of dealing with individuals who pose a high risk to the public are lacking. The detention of DSPD individuals in prisons without consistent and lonf=g term treatment plans is not only detrimental to the individual concerned but also increases the risk of re-offending as well as increasing possible risks to the public. Moreover, lack of adequate treatments and support systems for individuals increases public perceptions of the failure of the Community Care policy. Furthermore, whilst it is clear that some individuals pose a threat to the public as well as themselves, some might argue that the process of risk assessment needs to be rigorous. A greater understanding of the needs of |DSPD individuals across both the mental health services and criminal justice services is urgently required; hence the need for the agencies involved with mentally disordered people to collaborate. Furthermore, provided there are adequate provisions available the majority of individuals may not pose any real threat to public safety, and the belief that all mentally disordered individuals pose a threat to the public is grossly exaggerated.

Macbeth: Shakespeare’s Two Key Motifs Essay example -- weather, blood,

The play â€Å"Macbeth†, by Shakespeare, contains many motifs. Two very powerful motifs that Shakespeare illustrates in this play are blood, and weather. Blood is important because it shows that this play is violent, and the blood physically shows that these characters in the play are warriors. Weather plays an important role because it usually foreshadows events that are about to take place. For example, a storm usually foreshadows terrible things, like death and destruction. A major motif in â€Å"Macbeth† is blood. Blood is talked about everywhere in Macbeth. Blood is found when Macbeth kills his own relative, King Duncan, in order to gain power and to become the king himself. After Macbeth carries out Duncan’s murder, he is crowned King of Scotland. As Macbeth and Lady Macbeth’s murderous journey begins, the death toll rises; and with each death, the amount of blood on Macbeth metaphorically and literally increases. Guilt starts to control Macbeth. When King Duncan is killed, Macbeth is convinced that â€Å"all great Neptune’s oceans† would not wash the blood clean from his hands. Guilt is eating away at Macbeth, and his desire and ambition for power is what leads to him to carry out many more murders. Blood is found several times in the text: â€Å"may thick my blood†, â€Å"the sleepy grooms with blood†, â€Å"Will all great Neptune's ocean wash this blood clean from my hand?†, â€Å"Would to the bleeding and the grim alarm excite the mortified man.† Blood appears in â€Å"Macbeth† in two ways: It appears in the text, and it also appears literally, due to the many deaths in the play. In a lot of ways, blood symbolizes a person’s bravery. For example, In Act I, after the battle, Duncan asks the wounded sergeant, "Wh... ...re. Another Major motif in the play is weather. Sunshine and clear skies are not discussed at all in the play. Shakespeare wanted to create a dark and gloomy background. Most of the descriptions about the weather indicate storm-like conditions such as rain, thunder, and lightning. The three witches are also associated with the weather motif. Right before the first scene of the play, it is stated in the text: â€Å"Thunder and lightning. Enter three witches.† Thunder and lightning usually represents an unnatural presence. Shakespeare wrote this play with intention on giving the reader this lesson. Too much greed can consume you and make you do something that you will possibly regret. Works Cited http://intensivemacbeth.wikispaces.com/The+Motif+of+Blood http://www.studymode.com/essays/Blood-Motif-In-Macbeth-64386.html http://britlit4.wikispaces.com/Macbeth+Motif-+Blood